Introduction
In 1996, under appointment by the Lord Chancellor of the House of Lords in the United Kingdom (UK), The Rt Hon. Lord Woolf (Harry Kenneth Woolf), presented a final report entitled Access to Justice: Final Report to the Lord Chancellor on the Civil Justice System in England and Wales [1]. This report became the basis for the introduction of reforms for both the "UK civil justice" and "UK justice system"[1.1]. Many of the recommendations also became the basis of reforms throughout some Commonwealth member and non-Commonwealth nations.
In Lord Woolf's Final Report, apart from the matters related to civil justice reform, the report described the import of the following characteristics of IT[1.2]:
- IT will be a catalyst for innovation
- importance of speed and efficiency
- importance of cost savings
- importance of using IT to distinguish UK as being "world class"
- importance of streamlining and improving existing systems
- importance of an overarching, coordinated, coherent, integrated, well-planned system
- importance of standards, parameters and guidelines
- importance of reducing duplication
- importance of quality
- importance of productivity
- importance of comprehensive training
- importance of distinguishing between "immediate benefits" system and those which are long term ventures
Two Problems: Two Solutions
Lord Woolf's recommendations in relation to IT can be reduced to two problems:
Lord Woolf further "stressed the importance of the role of IT in supporting the implementation of [his] more general recommendations.[5]" Including the need to consider costs, infrastructure and strategy when sensibly investing in appropriate technology to[6]:
- Problem 1: to assure proper system governance, Lord Woolf determined there was a need for an information technology (IT) strategy which allows for implementation of a well-planned, coherent, system-wide (End-to-End/E2E), interoperable, standards/parameters/guidelines-based, coordinated, overarching system of control for the justice system. This would result in streamlining, cost savings and improvements in quality and productivity for all branches of the professions including: judges and relevant bodies: lawyers (barristers, solicitors) and their clients. To the benefit of not only the profession, also to: the taxpayer, court system users (both UK and foreign) and the public in general.
- Problem 1 was based upon a compendium of Lord Woolf's following observations and recommendations:
- a) application of IT was critical in supporting the implementation of UK justice system reforms.
- b) various departments or agencies within the UK justice system "were pursuing their own individual initiatives, concurrently but with little mutual regard, which has resulted both in unnecessary duplication of effort as well as in incompatible systems (or at least systems which do not operate alongside one another)"[1.3]. IT in the civil justice system functioned as "a collection of separate information systems; and there has been no effective mechanism in the past for bringing these together as one coherent system"[1.4].
- c) the need for a "more strategic, coordinated and longer term approach for the entire system"[1.5] requires that an overarching IT strategy be developed. Lord Woolf recommended that an overarching strategy that allows for coordination across the justice system as a whole "is both desirable and necessary for cost effective implementation and uptake within the system and within the legal profession".
- d) As with all major organizations, strategic IT planning should follow standard multi-dimensional, time-scales: "medium term (two to four years) and the other should have a far longer term focus (five to 10 years)"[1.6].
- Problem 2: the need for top management[2] (including strategic planners/decision makers) to distinguish between IT systems; namely, those systems with the distinction of providing "immediate (plug 'n play/PnP) benefits" (1-2 years) from those systems whose benefits will be realized over a medium or longer term (2-4 years; 5-10 years).[3]
Problem 1 defined: What needs to be done.
The need for an overarching system of control. Lord Woolf determined that "lack of IT co-ordination across the civil justice system" resulted in an number of weakness' including: "various agencies within the civil justice system and the justice system as a whole are pursuing their own individual initiatives concurrently but with little mutual regard, which has resulted both in unnecessary duplication of effort as well as in incompatible systems (or at least systems which do not operate alongside one another)" - without sacrificing the need for security of communication.[4]
Lord Woolf further "stressed the importance of the role of IT in supporting the implementation of [his] more general recommendations.[5]" Including the need to consider costs, infrastructure and strategy when sensibly investing in appropriate technology to[6]:
- streamline and improve existing systems
- streamline and improve existing processes
- increase cost savings
- improve quality
- enhance productivity
Given the regulated, complex and critical processes of law, an effective solution to the problem of a large scale deployment (on a country-wide or sector-wide basis) necessitates the need for a strategic designed, standards-based, integrated system which allows for unification of information (data) from disparate nodes and disparate functions with inbuilt recording, validation protocols and conformity to applicable statutory, regulatory and process requirements. Just as Lord Woolf both recognized and stated.
- MQCC classifies any regulated process as a "complex or critical" process. For example a "legal process"; one where an individual or organization is obligated to perform at a fiduciary standard and must conform to statutory, regulatory and process (SRP™) requirements; or a high degree of public accountability and trust is required. Any breach thereof may lead to claim of negligence resulting in litigation and the involvement of third parties including professional liability insurers.
Problem 2 defined: What solution offers an immediate benefit?
While Lord Woolf recognized that IT, itself, could become "a catalyst for radical change"; he also expressed that planning an IT strategy necessitated a need to "distinguish between those systems which can be implemented quite quickly, bringing immediate benefits ( (short term: 0-24 months/medium term: 24-48 months[7]), and those which are far longer term ventures[8] (seven to 10 years out[9])."
How does one know if a system or innovation has the distinction of being an "immediate benefit"? See below.
Problem 1 Solution: MQCC Risk-Based, Organization Conformity Operating System (OCOS™)
In 2001, the founder of MQCC commenced research and development for an electronic operating system that, today is described as:
Continuously, from May 9, 2008 until today (January 2019), the MQCC system and core technology is registered to the the rigorous and exacting UK National Standard for Quality of Management Systems, published by the British Standards Institute (BSI). Registration to the UK National Standard requires third-party audit by an Accreditation body, namely, BSI; and provides prima facie (at-a-glance) evidence that MQCC's system and technology (products and services) are safer, better and more efficient[10], for the benefit of society as a whole.
Registration to UK National (and equivalent, International) Standard offers empirical (unbiased, third-party) proof that MQCC's core operating system "does what says and says what it does". This high standard instills unparalleled confidence and trust in the MQCC system and technology by technical (scientific, engineering) professionals, on a global basis.
The world's first internationally recognized, energy-efficient, resource-efficient,Implementation of the MQCC system and technology assures legislators, regulators, customers, prospective customers, investors, prospective investors and stakeholders that all aspects of an organization's operations - from top management (governance) to employees (operations) to customer (audit) - function in an enforced compliance ecosystem that creates conformity to applicable statutory, regulatory, process & customer requirements resulting in exactly what Lord Woolf envisioned, and more:
quantum computing-ready, defence (UK MOD) standard, military/law enforcement-grade, turn-key, plug 'n play (PnP), end-to-end (E2E), interoperable, "secure, risk-based meta-operating system"; built in accordance to the MQCC Artificial Algorithmic Intelligent (AAI™) brand of self-learning artificial intelligence (AI) systems standards and pioneering MQCC "BlockChain" principles; designed to assure real-time statutory, regulatory and process conformity of both regulatory (regulator) and regulated (regulatee) organizations, within any industry sector. Celebrating over 15 years of successful litigation-tested, regulatory recognized, continual operation.
- streamline and improve existing systems
- streamline and improve existing processes
- increase cost savings
- improve quality
- enhance productivity
- improve customer satisfaction and public confidence
- visit www.mqcc.org to learn more
Beyond Proof-of-Concept; Fully Functional, Empirically Proven, Litigation Tested (by Legal Regulators), International Acceptance
Incorporated in September 2006, MQCC systems and technology are 'beyond proof of concept', they are fully functional and litigation tested for wide range of disciplines including legal, financial and regulatory.Continuously, from May 9, 2008 until today (January 2019), the MQCC system and core technology is registered to the the rigorous and exacting UK National Standard for Quality of Management Systems, published by the British Standards Institute (BSI). Registration to the UK National Standard requires third-party audit by an Accreditation body, namely, BSI; and provides prima facie (at-a-glance) evidence that MQCC's system and technology (products and services) are safer, better and more efficient[10], for the benefit of society as a whole.
Registration to UK National (and equivalent, International) Standard offers empirical (unbiased, third-party) proof that MQCC's core operating system "does what says and says what it does". This high standard instills unparalleled confidence and trust in the MQCC system and technology by technical (scientific, engineering) professionals, on a global basis.
The MQCC core operating system is successfully litigation tested by member bodies of the International Conference of Legal Regulators (ICLR).
Problem 2 Solution: The MQCC Immediate Benefit Systems & Technology (IBS&T™) Designation
MQCC is pleased to announce the introduction of the MQCC Immediate Benefit Systems & Technology (IBS&T) designation (distinguishing mark/logo).
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| The MQCC Immediate Benefit Systems & Technology (IBS&T™) Logo |
The MQCC IBS&T™ designation enables prospective and existing organizations who use MQCC systems and technology (government, regulatory and corporate clients) and their respective technical professionals (scientists, process engineers, IT staff/consultants/buyers); to quickly identify (on a "prima facie" or "at-a-glance" basis), that MQCC Immediate Benefit Systems & Technology are protocols are available for implementation.
Further, the MQCC IBS&T™ distinguishing mark provides validation that MQCC systems and technology (direction/purpose, standards, parameters, guidelines[11]) meet the two most important characteristics identified by Lord Woolf, namely[12]:
- quick implementation
- realization of immediate (plug 'n play/PnP") benefits
The ability for MQCC to develop technology that creates "systems" which are able to deliver "benefits" on an "immediate (quick)" basis, did not happen overnight. Applying the principles of "blockchain" [first identified by Anoop Bungay (Founder of MQCC) pursuant to implementation of a "peer to peer (p2p/crypto/shadow/secret/private) electronic finance system" (brought online as www.privatelender.org on April 9, 2005)] MQCC developed the ontology; standards, parameters and guidelines required in order to create a system that conforms to - what Lord Woolf or any professional would identify - having an "immediate benefit".
Development of the MQCC IBS&T™ ontology led to the discovery of a new field of study, coined as "conformity science". Visit www.conformity.org to learn more.
Required Characteristics of an MQCC Immediate Benefit Systems & Technology:
- the system or technology must be litigation tested or regulator-audited and meet the MQCC conformity standards.
- the system or technology must be registered to an international recognized Quality Management System standard.
- the system or technology must audited by third party auditors at least once per 12 month period.
- the system or technology must meet or exceed United States Federal Acquisition Regulations to meet higher-level quality standards for complex or critical processes.
- they system or technology must be built on the MQCC universal development platform.
- the system or technology must have been in Alpha-use or controlled Beta-use, for at least 36 months, prior to applying for the MQCC IBS&T™ designation.
A pan-industry solution: beyond Law and beyond the "The Future" envisioned by Lord Woolf
Tokenized Law; Tokenized Finance; Tokenized Commerce; Tokenized Quality; Tokenized Conformity
In his final report, Lord Woolf envisioned a future consisting of systems and technology where a judge would be able to access historical and current validated [pursuant to court protocols] information (data) related to a particular matter (case or subject), in an electronic format, from anywhere; retrieved from "some central location"[13].Converting information to a digital format and applying MQCC "tokenization protocols"; information (data) related to a particular matter (case or subject), in an electronic format, from anywhere; may now be retrieved from (and updated to) a decentralized location (ledger-based system)".
Originally designed for financial and legal purposes; with over 15 years of experience applying the seminal principles of "BlockChain" (www.blockchainprinciples.org) in a commercial environment, MQCC systems and technology expands Lord Woolf's vision beyond the finance and legal sector to all other industry sectors (pan-industry application) [Industry Sectors as defined in the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities Revision 4 [14]].
Some UK examples with a connection to law, finance, government and regulatory oversight include:
Some UK examples with a connection to law, finance, government and regulatory oversight include:
- In Summer 2018 (July), the Law Commission of UK has commissioned a project under the guidance of Commissioner Stephen Lewis to develop a scoping study of the use of "BlockChain" technology in application of "smart contract"[15].
- What the Law Commission is not aware of, is the application of seminal MQCC "BlockChain" principles to the field of law, as a whole. Specifically, how MQCC "BlockChain" principles allowed for Lord Woolf's vision of an integrated, safer, better and more efficient legal (justice) system to become a reality. A system that can be used by all levels of governance, regulation and law practices (from a international law firm to a practice-of-one).
- In Summer of 2018 (August), the UK Ministry of Justice under the guidance of Balaji Anbil - Head of Digital Architecture & Cyber Security, is investigating BlockChain as a possible tool for securing digital forms of evidence[16].
- What the UK Ministry of Justice is not aware of, is the application of seminal MQCC "BlockChain" principles to all aspects of the Justice System - beyond digital forms of evidence - including:
- audit based, enforced compliance operating systems to ensure statutory, regulatory and process requirements by lawyers (barristers and solicitors) are maintained at all times from client intake to file closure; resulting in increased levels of customer satisfaction; increased regulatory confidence and decreased instances of professional liability claims against a lawyer due to nonconformity caused by errors, omissions or negligence.
- MQCC "BlockChain" principles assure that justice officials, legal regulators and their regulatees (law firms, lawyers) are able to work within a decentralized operating system environment with the following elements of distinction:
- MQCC organization conformity operating system (OCOS™) standards incorporates, meets or exceeds applicable World Trade Organization (WTO) Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) standards; perfect for the United Kingdom which seeks to establish itself as the premier destination for global commerce.
- MQCC organization conformity operating system (OCOS™) standards incorporates, meets or exceeds applicable Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) standards including "common reporting standards", which legal professionals in a fiduciary (trustee) role must adhere to, for all international clients.
- MQCC organization conformity operating system (OCOS™) standards incorporates, meets or exceeds applicable Group of Seven (G7) [Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK] and USA NIST standards for cybersecurity, namely, the "Eight Element Principle, which assures - among other benefits - that Lord Woolf's expectation that "all participants in the legal process can communicate easily with one another across the same system (while still preserving the facility for individuals to communicate in complete security with each other)[17]" is maintained.
- In Autumn of 2018 (October), Her Majesty's (HM) Land Registry under the guidance of Graham Farrant, Chief Executive of HM Land Registry, is exploring how BlockChain technology could be used to provide quicker and simpler services[18].
- What the top management of HM Land Registry are not aware of, is the first application of "BlockChain" principles in finance was a for a mortgage process; specifically: a peer-to-peer (p2p/crypto/shadow/secret/private) binary digit financial instrument, secured by real estate. The specific generic applicable terms include: "cryptomortgage", "binary digit mortgage" [Trademark Registered in USA, Canada and 17 additional countries including the UK, pursuant to the Madrid Protocol as BITMORTGAGE® (www.bitmortgage.com)]. Developed by yours truly and first made available to the global public at www.privatelender.org; the world first peer-to-peer financial network for trading in both regulated and free-trading (regulatory exempt, non-regulated or self-regulated) securities on April 9, 2005.
- While HM Land Registry is presently in "groundbreaking research and development stage" in order to "full explore the potential benefits" of "BlockChain" for use in its "Digital Street" project. Digital Street seeks to work with industry to "understand how the innovative use of technology, such as BlockChain, distributed ledgers and smart contracts, could revolutionise the land registration and property buy-sell process."[19].
- Once again, realization of Lord Woolf's vision can be seen. Specifically, Lord Woolf envisioned that the recommendations proposed in the civil justice reforms Final Report would also apply to real estate-based issues including landlord-tenant and mortgagee-mortgagor matters.[20]
- Whether an applicant is applying for tenancy (residential or commercial) or a mortgage (personal or business; regulated mortgage or non-regulated (peer-to-peer/p2p/crypto/shadow/secret/private) mortgage), the MQCC "BlockChain" based system and technology assures safer, better and more efficient real estate transactions by integrating all aspects of an "application process" from origination, underwriting, conditions fulfillment, security registration (both digital and non-digital) closing and servicing; within an ecosystem that allows for conformity to statutory, regulatory and process requirements (ie: in-built validation protocols, risk-based cybersecurity protocols, internodal/intranodal communication within a decentralized network).
- For real estate (mortgage) transactions, MQCC "BlockChain" based systems and technology integrate the functions of application and financing with applicable regulatory oversight, legal process elements and land title systems protocols including escrow and torrens system.
MQCC innovation heralds the functional convergence of Governance, Regulation, Law & Finance; the creation of Customer, Consumer & Public Trust
Lord Woolf's early vision set the stage for "what could be possible". With the advent of technology and awareness of new business methods (innovation), MQCC discovered that functional convergence of processes related to the disciplines MQCC calls "the Four Piers", namely: Governance, Regulation, Law, Finance, within the MQCC organization conformity operating system (OCOS™), leads to the creation of trust at all levels of the societal continuum: the "customer", the "consumer" and the members of the "public".
- Legal professionals are the central point of reference because when problems related to finance happen, the lawyers get called first.
- As technology and innovation unfold, legal professionals have a greater need to acquire the necessary knowledge and skills to be able to provide guidance or legal advice, in accordance to legal regulatory standards (or professional codes of conduct) respecting "professional competence".
- The UK Solicitor's Regulation Authority (SRA) has developed a "Statement of solicitor competence" protocol.[21]
- The UK Bar Standards Board requires a "competent standard of work and service".[22]
- The Law Society of UK promotes "Lexcel", a legal practice quality mark. The MQCC OCOS™ system inherently meets or exceeds the Lexcel standards and may be implemented by law firms, on an "immediate benefit basis" (0-2 years).[23]
- The International Bar Association has similar standards on "competence".[24]
- What legal professionals are not aware of, is that MQCC OCOS™ enables legal professionals to provide legal services in an environment that provides safeguards that flag instances of statutory, regulatory or process nonconformity, thus reducing the risk of claims, complaints or formal negligence claims.
- For law firms or lawyers working within a technology environment, MQCC OCOS™ creates inbuilt regulatory controls so that the legal professionals are able to provide legal advice within a system that distinguishes between higher risk-based regulatory processes from those processes of less higher risk.
- UK financial regulators from the Bank of England to the Financial Conduct Authority, are seeking ways and means to balance innovations in technology with the need to assure both domestic and international financial customers, that the UK financial system functions at the highest level of quality.
- The Bank of England (BOE), under the guidance of fellow Canadian, Mark Carney, established the Bank of England Accelerator. The Accelerator is used to help BOE understand emerging technologies first hand.[25] Additionally, the BOE is working with the London Stock Exchange for applications of "BlockChain" in public capital markets.
- With inbuilt statutory, regulatory and process conformity protocols which incorporates both financial and legal processes, MQCC system and technology enables proof of concept firms to quickly transition from a testing environment to a fully functional environment.
- Public companies have no better ecosystem for management than the MQCC OCOS™; designed for corporate efficiency and accountability.
- The Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) is exploring a "global sandbox", which will enable UK financial companies who seek to develop, capitalize and commercialize financial innovation internationally.[26]
- Applying the principles envisioned by Lord Woolf, MQCC has developed a "global sandbox" that is already harmonized to the National Standards of 119 countries, thus enabling safer, better and more efficient testing of emerging concepts.
- FCA's former risk frameworks: ARROW and ARROW II are converted to a risk-based framework, fully incorporated by the MQCC BlockChain based operating system: MQCC OCOS™.
- FCA seeks input and guidance respecting new-to-UK financial innovations, including "peer-to-peer" (p2p/crypto/shadow/secret/private) finance. MQCC, as developer of the world's first "cryptofinancial system", has over 15 years of scientific research, business development and litigation-tested, regulatory-audited p2p finance experience, to help FCA policy makers better understand how MQCC developed the nexus between "BlockChain", Governance, Regulation, Law & Finance; the creation of Customer, Consumer & Public Trust.
Lord Woolf's 1996 Recommendations in 2019
How the lessons from the legal sector can help prevent history of wasteful spending from repeating itself in other sectors of the UK Government, system-wide; with the help of the seminal MQCC "BlockChain" principles.
- As of January 7, 2019, at least 29 UK government departments and agencies are publicly seeking to participate in the "BlockChain" related activities[27].
- Government Actuary's Department (1)
- Department for Digital, Culture, Media & Sport (8)
- HM Treasury (7)
- HM Land Registry (6)
- Cabinet Office (5)
- Government Digital Service (5)
- Foreign & Commonwealth Office (4)
- Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy (3)
- Department for International Development (3)
- Government Office for Science (3)
- Innovate UK (3)
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (2)
- Government Chemist (2)
- HM Revenue & Customs (2)
- Closed organisation: UK Trade & Investment (2)
- Centre for Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (1)
- Closed organisation: Centre for Defence Enterprise (1)
- Civil Aviation Authority (1)
- Defence and Security Accelerator (1)
- Closed organisation: Department for Business, Innovation & Skills (1)
- Department for Education (1)
- Department for International Trade (1)
- Closed organisation: Financial Services Organisation (1)
- jHub Defence Innovation (1)
- Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (1)
- Ministry of Justice (1)
- Ofcom (1)
- Ofgem (1)
- Prime Minister's Office, 10 Downing Street (1)
- Research into each department's activities shows that there is a disparate understanding of "what BlockChain is", or "how BlockChain can be used". Just as Lord Woolf saw with the legal profession in 1996, it is not hard to appreciate that the UK government is investing millions of pounds in research and development that is a duplicate of "Problem 1", experienced by the legal professional.
- To paraphrase Lord Woolf, "various UK ministries, departments and agencies within the UK government as a whole are pursuing their own individual initiatives concurrently but with little mutual regard, which has resulted both in unnecessary duplication of effort as well as in incompatible systems (or at least systems which do not operate alongside one another)". Not in the delivery of law, in the development of "BlockChain".
- For Example, in current publicly available documents from the UK Government UK.gov website:
- The definition of "BlockChain" published in 2015 by the UK Government Office for Science in the document entitled: Fintech Futures The UK as a World Leader in Financial Technologies on Page 60 of the Glossary is:
- a digital currencies database. Full BlockChainz, which are usually sequential, contain every transaction ever completed in the currency
- The definition of "BlockChain" published in 2016 by the UK Government Office for Science in the document entitled: Distributed Ledger technology: beyond block chain on page 17 is:
- A block chain is a type of database that takes a number of records and puts them in a block (rather like collating them on to a single sheet of paper). Each block is then ‘chained’ to the next block, using a cryptographic signature. This allows block chains to be used like a ledger, which can be shared and corroborated by anyone with the appropriate permissions.
- The unifying, interoperable, standardized approach developed by MQCC helps the UK government by reducing wasteful (duplicate) expenditure by increasing efficiency and enabling leaders to focus on development and inter-department communication, in order to create a shared knowledge-base.
What is MQCC?
The Money Quality Conformity Control organization (MQCC)[28] is developer of the world's first application of "BlockChain principles in commerce" (for a financial/legal/regulatory application), and inventor of the internationally recognized, defence (UK MOD) standard, military/law enforcement-grade, turn-key, plug 'n play (PnP), end-to-end (E2E), interoperable, "secure, risk-based meta-operating system"; built in accordance to the MQCC Artificial Algorithmic Intelligent (AAI™) brand of self-learning artificial intelligence (AI) systems standards and pioneering MQCC "BlockChain" principles; designed to assure real-time statutory, regulatory and process conformity of both regulatory (regulator) and regulated (regulatee) organizations, within any industry sector.
Celebrating over 15 years of successful litigation-tested, regulatory recognized, continual operation; the MQCC system is registered to the United Kingdom National Standard and equivalent International Standard of 119 countries; and meets the UK Ministry of Defence (MOD) Defence Directives and Guidelines for Quality. Visit www.mqcc.org to learn more.
Celebrating over 15 years of successful litigation-tested, regulatory recognized, continual operation; the MQCC system is registered to the United Kingdom National Standard and equivalent International Standard of 119 countries; and meets the UK Ministry of Defence (MOD) Defence Directives and Guidelines for Quality. Visit www.mqcc.org to learn more.
A complete list of the features, benefits, characteristics and quality of MQCC systems and technology may be found at www.mqcc.org.
[1] Great Britain: Lord Chancellor's Department: Woolf, Harold; Access to Justice: Final Report to the Lord Chancellor on the Civil Justice System in England and Wales(Great Britain: Stationery Office Books, 1996-July)
[1.1] ibid. Section I; Para. 4
[1.2] ibid. Section VI; Chapter 21
[1.3] ibid. Section VI; Para. 29
[1.4]ibid. Section VI; Para. 30
[1.5] ibid.
[1.6]ibid. Section VI; Para. 31
[2] As defined by the International Organization for Standardization.
[3] ibid. Section VI; Chapter 21; Para 1,31.
[4] ibid. Section VI; Chapter 21; Para 29.
[1.1] ibid. Section I; Para. 4
[1.2] ibid. Section VI; Chapter 21
[1.3] ibid. Section VI; Para. 29
[1.4]ibid. Section VI; Para. 30
[1.5] ibid.
[1.6]ibid. Section VI; Para. 31
[2] As defined by the International Organization for Standardization.
[3] ibid. Section VI; Chapter 21; Para 1,31.
[4] ibid. Section VI; Chapter 21; Para 29.
[5] ibid. Section VI; Chapter 21; Para 1.
[6] ibid.
[7] ibid. Section VI; Chapter 21; Para 31.
[7] ibid. Section VI; Chapter 21; Para 31.
[8] ibid.
[9] ibid. Section VI; Chapter 21; Para 36.
[10] Money Quality Conformity Control Organization (MQCC); www.mqcc.org
[10] Money Quality Conformity Control Organization (MQCC); www.mqcc.org
[11] ibid. Section VI; Chapter 21; Para 35.
[12] ibid. Section VI; Chapter 21; Para 1.
[13] ibid. Section VI; Chapter 21; Para 22.
[14] USA: United Nations;
International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities Revision 4 (USA: United Nations, 2008)
[15] https://www.lawcom.gov.uk/project/smart-contracts/
[16] https://insidehmcts.blog.gov.uk/2018/08/23/how-were-investigating-digital-ledger-technologies-to-secure-digital-evidence/
[17] ibid. Section VI; Chapter 21; Para 29.
[18] https://www.gov.uk/government/news/hm-land-registry-to-explore-the-benefits-of-blockchain
[19] ibid.
[20] Great Britain: Lord Chancellor's Department: Woolf, Harold; Access to Justice: Final Report (Great Britain: Stationery Office Books, 1996-07); Section III, Chapter 12, Para. 8; Section IV, Chapter 16, Para 3; Chapter 18, Chancery, Para. 5.
[21] www.sra.org.uk
[22] www.barstandardsboard.org.uk
[23] www.lawsociety.org.uk
[24] www.int-bar.org
[15] https://www.lawcom.gov.uk/project/smart-contracts/
[16] https://insidehmcts.blog.gov.uk/2018/08/23/how-were-investigating-digital-ledger-technologies-to-secure-digital-evidence/
[17] ibid. Section VI; Chapter 21; Para 29.
[18] https://www.gov.uk/government/news/hm-land-registry-to-explore-the-benefits-of-blockchain
[19] ibid.
[20] Great Britain: Lord Chancellor's Department: Woolf, Harold; Access to Justice: Final Report (Great Britain: Stationery Office Books, 1996-07); Section III, Chapter 12, Para. 8; Section IV, Chapter 16, Para 3; Chapter 18, Chancery, Para. 5.
[21] www.sra.org.uk
[22] www.barstandardsboard.org.uk
[23] www.lawsociety.org.uk
[24] www.int-bar.org
[25] www.bankofengland.co.uk
[26] www.fca.org.uk
[27] www.gov.uk
[28] www.mqcc.org
[26] www.fca.org.uk
[27] www.gov.uk
[28] www.mqcc.org
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